Social Security Number (SSN): What It Is and How to Get One
A Social Security Number (SSN) is a nine-digit number, written XXX-XX-XXXX, issued by the Social Security Administration (SSA). It was created in 1936 to track workers' earnings for retirement benefits, but it has become the closest thing the United States has to a national ID number. Employers, the tax authorities, banks and lenders all use it. This page explains who can get one, how to apply as a noncitizen, what to do while you wait, how it differs from an ITIN, and how to protect it.
This page provides general information only and does not constitute legal or tax advice. SSA and IRS procedures change; check ssa.gov and irs.gov for current rules.
What the SSN Is For
The number has two official jobs. The SSA uses it to record your earnings over your career, which later determine your retirement benefits and eligibility for premium-free Medicare. The IRS uses it to identify you as a taxpayer: employers report your wages under it, and you put it on your tax return each year.
The private sector then adopted it as a general identifier. In daily life you will be asked for it in these situations:
- Work: your employer needs it to report wages and withhold tax. See Working in the US.
- Taxes: it goes on every return. See our tax guide.
- Banking and credit: credit reports are matched to it, and most card issuers ask for it.
- Housing and utilities: landlords, power companies and phone carriers often use it for credit checks, though many will accept alternatives.
Who Can Get an SSN
You do not need to be a citizen, but you generally need permission from the Department of Homeland Security to work.
| Situation | SSN? |
|---|---|
| US citizen | Yes, usually assigned at birth |
| Green card holder | Yes |
| Work visa (H-1B, L-1, O-1, E-2, TN and others) | Yes |
| Spouse with work authorization (for example, approved Employment Authorization Document) | Yes |
| F-1 student with an on-campus job or authorized training | Yes, with school and employer documents |
| J-1 exchange visitor allowed to work | Yes, with a sponsor letter |
| Tourist (B-2 or ESTA) | No |
| Dependent with no work permission (for example, H-4 without an EAD) | Generally no; may need an ITIN |
In rare cases the SSA issues a non-work number to someone who needs it for a federal, state or local benefit that requires one. A bank or landlord's request does not count.
How to Apply
The application is free. Any website that charges for it is not official.
- Wait about 10 days after arrival. The SSA verifies your status with DHS, and your records can take time to appear. Students should also complete school check-in first.
- Complete Form SS-5. You can download it from the SSA website or start online and finish at an office.
- Gather original documents. Bring your passport, visa, I-94 and proof of status or work permission, such as your I-20 or DS-2019, EAD or I-797. Documents must be originals or copies certified by the issuing agency; ordinary photocopies and notarized copies are not accepted.
- Go to a Social Security office in person. Check whether your local office requires an appointment. Noncitizens applying for the first time must generally appear in person.
- Wait for the card by mail. It often arrives in a couple of weeks, though it can take longer if the SSA must verify your documents.
Two shortcuts have narrowed. The route that let applicants request an SSN on their work permit application (Enumeration Beyond Entry) has been cut back since 2025, so many EAD holders now need to apply at an SSA office. Check your form instructions. People coming on an immigrant visa have been able to request an SSN on their visa form (Enumeration at Entry). The SSA still describes that option, but confirm that it applies to you.
The Card Itself
A Social Security card is a plain card with your name and number. It has no photo and does not prove identity; for that you use a passport or a driver's license or state ID. There are three versions:
- No restriction: for citizens and permanent residents.
- "Valid for work only with DHS authorization": for people with temporary work permission.
- "Not valid for employment": for the rare non-work numbers.
Memorize the number and keep the card at home, not in your wallet. Your number stays yours for life, even if you leave the US and come back years later. Replacement cards are free, but limited to 3 a year and 10 in a lifetime, with some exceptions.
SSN or ITIN?
An ITIN (Individual Taxpayer Identification Number) is issued by the IRS to people who must file US taxes but cannot get an SSN, such as dependents of visa holders or nonresidents with US income. You apply on Form W-7, usually with a tax return.
| Point | SSN | ITIN |
|---|---|---|
| Issued by | Social Security Administration | Internal Revenue Service |
| Application | Form SS-5, in person | Form W-7, usually with a tax return |
| Permits work | Only with DHS authorization | No |
| Main use | Work, tax, benefits, credit | Federal tax filing |
| Earns Social Security credits | Yes | No |
| Expires | No | Yes, if unused on a federal return for 3 consecutive years |
If you become eligible for an SSN, you must apply for one, stop using the ITIN, and notify the IRS so that your tax records can be merged. Some banks and card issuers accept an ITIN, which can help you start building credit.
While You Wait
- Start work: an employer can hire you and let you work while the number is pending. Keep your SSA receipt letter, and give the employer the number as soon as you have it.
- Open a bank account: many banks accept a passport and proof of address, especially branches near universities or in immigrant communities.
- Get a phone line: prepaid plans do not need an SSN. See Phone and Internet.
- Rent: offer an employment letter, bank statements or a larger deposit where the law allows it.
Protecting Your Number
With your name, birth date and SSN, a fraudster can open accounts or claim a tax refund in your name.
- Ask why a business needs the number before you give it. Many only need the last four digits, or nothing at all.
- Treat unexpected calls, texts or emails about your SSN as scams. The SSA will not threaten arrest, suspend your number or demand payment by gift card or crypto.
- Freeze your credit for free at Equifax, Experian and TransUnion. A freeze blocks most new accounts opened in your name.
- Create a my Social Security account and review your earnings record regularly.
- If your number is stolen, report it at IdentityTheft.gov. The SSA issues a new number only in limited cases.
Frequently asked questions
How much does a Social Security number cost?
Nothing. The SSN and the card are free, including replacements within the annual limits. Only use ssa.gov and SSA offices.
Can a foreigner get a Social Security number?
Yes, if DHS allows them to work in the US or they hold a green card. Tourists and most dependents without work permission cannot.
How long does it take to get an SSN?
The card often arrives within about two weeks of a complete application, but verification can add time. Wait about 10 days after arrival before you apply.
Can I work before my SSN arrives?
Yes, if you are authorized to work. Your employer can put you on the payroll while your application is pending, and must add the number once you have it.
Does my SSN change if I leave the US?
No. It is assigned for life. If you return years later, you use the same number, and past earnings stay on your record.
Can F-1 students get an SSN without a job?
Generally no. The SSA requires evidence of authorized employment, such as an on-campus job letter plus a letter from your school.
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